一株高效降酚菌的分离鉴定及降酚特性研究

以苯酚为唯一碳源,采用逐量分批的方法从被酚类物质污染的土壤中驯化、筛选、分离降酚菌,利用形态学、培养特性、生理生化反应以及分子手段鉴定所得菌株,研究了该菌株生长与降酚的关系以及其降酚能力,并设计引物检测降酚酶基因。结果表明,获得的一株高效降酚菌GDYW-0027经鉴定为不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter),它的生长速率与苯酚的降解速率基本同步,48h内对高质量浓度(2.2g/L)苯酚的降解率为86.73%;在菌株GDYW-0027中检测到苯酚羟化酶及邻苯二酚2,3双加氧酶基因片段,推测其采用间位开环方式打开苯环。     

滤膜氟离子选择电极法测定大气中氟化物的改进

通过对国标方法中标准溶液系列的配制、样品滤膜处理方法进行研究,改进滤膜采样氟离子选择电极法测定大气中氟化物的实验方法,并利用改进方法对大气样品和氟化物标准样品进行对比实验。结果表明,标准样品的标准偏差为0.010~0.019 mg/L,相对标准偏差为3.0%~3.2%;大气样品的标准偏差为0.058~0.12μg/m3,相对标准偏差为4.2%~4.5%,加标回收率在95%~105%之间,满足国家标准的要求。     

河南省资源环境基尼系数分析

选取2013年河南省资源和环境污染指标进行资源环境基尼系数和绿色贡献系数分析。结果表明,2013年河南省资源消耗、SO2、NOX、烟(粉)尘、COD和NH3-N排放量的资源环境基尼系数分别为0.17,0.32,0.19,0.37,0.28和0.25。指出,烟(粉)尘排放的资源环境基尼系数已接近0.4的国际警戒线;河南省应对烟(粉)尘排放分配加以控制和调整;郑州、南阳和许昌的经济贡献率均大于其资源消耗和污染物排放占全省的比例,对全省的公平性分配贡献较大。     

Removal of nitrogen from wastewaters by anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) using granules in upflow reactors

Nitrogen pollution of waters has sometimes caused severe eutrophication, leading to the death of fishes and most aquatic life. There is therefore a need for efficient and cost-effective methods to remove nitrogen from ammonium-rich wastewaters. Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) is a promising process to remove nitrogen because this process directly oxidizes ammonium (NH₄ ⁺) to dinitrogen gas (N₂) under anoxic condition. Nonetheless, a challenge of this process is that chemolithoautotrophic Anammox bacteria grow slowly at the beginning, thus resulting in low Anammox biomass and instability of reactors. Such issues can be overcome by granulation of the Anammox sludge. Here, we review the characteristics of the Anammox bacteria, and the formation, structure and flotation of Anammox granules under high hydraulic loadings. We also evaluate the performances of full-scale granular Anammox processes. The major points are: 1) Anammox bacteria secrete a large amount of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), up to 415 mg g^?1 of volatile suspended solids (VSS), containing many hydrophobic functional groups that facilitate biomass granulation. 2) Granulation enhances the sludge settling property and retention time, which contributes to the extremely high nitrogen removal rate of 77 kg m^?3 d^?1 of Anammox upflow reactors. 3) Flotation of Anammox granules frequently occurs under nitrogen removal rate higher than 10 kg m^?3 d^?1, which is mainly due to the overproduction of EPS under high hydraulic conditions.     

城市污水处理厂剩余污泥热值测定方法优化研究

目前的城市污水处理厂剩余污泥热值的测定主要参考煤热值的测定方法。根据污泥的特性,对热值测定过程中污泥的干燥方式、助燃剂的影响和热值校正计算3个方面进行了优化研究。结果表明,冷冻干燥(-50℃)能够避免污泥有机物的挥发,从而精确地测定剩余污泥的热值;对于有机物含量较高的污泥(VS/TS>0.57),不添加助燃剂也能准确测定污泥的热值;通过测定氧弹洗液中硫酸和硝酸的含量来计算热值校正,从而准确得到污泥的热值。     

烟草工业废弃物中提取氨基酸

以生产烟碱及茄尼醇后的烟叶废渣为原料,采用酸水解及活性炭脱色处理提取氨基酸,研究了酸水解中HCl用量、水解时间以及活性炭脱色处理中活性炭处理方式、pH、活性炭用量、脱色温度和脱色时间等因素对氨基酸收率和脱色率的影响。结果表明,最佳水解条件:以6 mol/L HCl溶液为水解液,在120℃、料液比1∶18条件下,水解12 h,所得水解液经以下工艺脱色处理:0.25%KOH处理活性炭、pH=10、活性炭用量为2.5%、脱色温度80℃、脱色40 min,所得产物氨基酸收率86.65%,脱色率达84.31%。     

3种人工湿地基质对磷的吸附特性

选用页岩、陶粒和砾石3种基质进行等温吸附和吸附动力学试验,研究其对磷的吸附特性。结果表明,Freun-dlich和Langmuir方程均能较好地拟合各基质对磷的吸附特征,并且用Freundlich方程的拟合效果要好于Langmuir方程;基质对磷的理论饱和吸附量大小依次为页岩(527.992 mg/kg)>陶粒(328.165 mg/kg)>砾石(129.729 mg/kg);页岩最大磷吸附量随粒径增加而减小;各基质对磷的吸附过程分为快、中、慢3个阶段,3种基质对磷的吸附速率依次为页岩>陶粒>砾石;准二级动力学方程、双常数方程和Elovich方程均能较好地描述人工湿地基质对磷的吸附动力学特征,但从相关系数来看,准二级动力学方程的描述更为准确。     

大型水生植物对骆马湖氮、磷元素的影响

对骆马湖有草区和无草区水体和沉积物中氮、磷元素含量分析,结果表明:无草区水体中总氮、总磷含量高于有草区;有草区表层沉积物总氮含量随时间变化明显,而无草区表层沉积物总氮含量随时间的变化很小;有草区与无草区表层沉积物中总磷含量的时间变化并无明显差异;有草区表层沉积物总氮含量基本上均高于无草区,而有草区表层沉积物总磷含量均要低于无草区。骆马湖有草区与无草区采样点沉积物碱性磷酸酶活性大小在58.41～315.07 mg/(kg.h)范围内变化,有草区的碱性磷酸酶的活性普遍低于无草区的碱性磷酸酶活性。在湖泊中种植大型水生植物确实可以减少水体污染,达到净化水质的目的。     

Trophic states of creeks and their relationship to changes in water level in Xixi National Wetland Park,China

Urban wetland parks are a new type of urban park that have developed rapidly in recent years and have caught the attention of multiple governmental departments. The objective of this paper was to describe the trophic states of creeks and their relationship to water levels in an urban wetland park in Xixi, China. The study was based on temporal and spatial data collected monthly between March 2009 and March 2010. The results indicated that: (1) water quality significantly changed from upstream to downstream in study creeks. From upstream to downstream, water quality of creeks I and III improved; however, the water quality of creek IV and V declined; (2) trophic states in Xixi creeks differed according to seasons. Overall, the nutrition in creeks was measured at the slight eutrophication level. Nutrition was highest in summer and lowest in winter; (3) the relationship between water quality and water level differed dramatically between creeks. Water quality and water level in creek I was significantly negatively correlated, while no obvious trends were observed in other creeks. In order to improve water quality in creeks, the valid technique is to strengthen the management of inflowing water quality and then control water levels.